@article{Orfield_2010, place={Washington DC: American Sociological Association.}, title={Brown v. Board Of Education and American Schools:Educational Impacts of Segregation, Desegregation, Integration, Resegregation}, url={https://trails.asanet.org/article/view/brown-v-board-of-education-and-american}, abstractNote={The prevailing pattern of American schooling has been one of deep separation of students by race and class, either through exclusion of some groups from school or through education in separate schools. Though the first 165 years under the constitution, the exclusion or separation of black students from whites was explicit and mandatory under the laws of the states where a large majority of blacks resided. Exclusion or separation of Latino and American Indian students were also widely practiced and permissible under state law in many regions. To reconcile these and other segregationist practices with the mandate of the civil rights amendments to the constitution, particularly the "equal protection of the laws" provision of the fourteenth amendment, the U.S. Supreme Court promulgated the doctrine of "separate but equal" in 1896 and it was the law of the land for the next 58 years. Seventeen states and Washington, DC. operated their public schools under legally mandated segregation and practices and policies that produced very high levels of segregation were the norm in most cities after the black exodus from the south began during World War I. Nineteen states operated separate public colleges for black students. This year-long research seminar will be devoted to exploring the results of more than a half century of struggle over whether to change the traditional pattern of racial isolation of minority students in schools.}, journal={TRAILS: Teaching Resources and Innovations Library for Sociology}, author={Orfield, Gary}, year={2010}, month={Apr.} }